Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Baseball As A First Negro Player - 866 Words

After World War II, Baseball was most beloved game in America. Africans had served their country gallantly with others. However, they return home fighting to free the world from tyranny only to find racism, Jim crawlism and segregation still waiting at home. The film is about the challenges Robinson face to come to play Baseball as a first negro player through social segregation. Segregation was the law and custom of the land. No other group was more scrupulous in its observance of customs than organized Baseball. In 1946, there were 16 Major Baseball teams consisting of 400 players and all of them was white. In 1947,Mr Ricky, innovative major league Baseball executive, stood apart to bring a colored ball player in Baseball. He offers Jacki that if he make it to Montreal, he could play with Brooklyn Dodgers with a good amount of salary. However, there was one condition that Jacki must control his temper by any means. Jacki replied, â€Å"You give me a uniform and a number on my back , and I will give you my temper†. Jacki got a jersey with 42 on the back. After signing the contract with Montreal Jacki got married with a fine young woman named Rachel. At the first day of spring training at Montreal he faced a few question from the reporters. He answered them with his intellect. In Daytona, Florida- police interrupt Jacki in the game, accusing him of hitting a white player in the field. But, it was legal by the game rules. April 18, 1946 in Jersey-city was the opening day ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Historical Significance of Negro Baseball Leagues953 Words   |  4 PagesNegro baseball leagues have a deep historical significance. Racism and â€Å"Jim Crow† laws encouraged segregation of African-Americans and whites. Arguably, the players on the negro baseball leagues were some of the best ever. Even today they are still being recognized and honored for their wonderful contribution to baseball as a whole. It started when major league owners ha d made a â€Å"gentleman’s agreement† to keep blacks from playing in the game. The barrier that went up was finally broken with a fewRead MoreJim Crow Laws For African Americans From Performing The Same Daily Activities1704 Words   |  7 Pages entrances, or water fountains as whites. Jim Crow laws had a large impact on baseball. African-Americans were not able to play in Major League Baseball. Because of this many all black baseball teams were formed. These teams eventually led to the formation of many negro baseball leagues throughout the United States. Eventually, Negro League Baseball became extremely popular in the black community. Negro League baseball contributed to the advancement of African-Americans by exchanging proceeds withRead MoreAfrican Americans Changed The Game1198 Words   |  5 PagesGame If there was never any Negro Leagues, then would African-American men still be playing baseball today? During the time of segregated baseball, the Negro Leagues helped economically in the African-American community. Once the Leagues started to fall in the mid-1900s, black men began playing in the same leagues as the white men, but they were mistreated by most white players and fans. Nowadays white men and black men play together without any discrimination. The Negro Leagues played a big role inRead MoreThe Unique History Of The Negro Baseball Leagues1379 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Negro Baseball Leagues. We will discuss how they were an integral part of the African American culture and what they meant to their communities. We will also discuss some of the more famous players of the Negro Leagues as well as take a look at what the impact of Jackie Robinson being the first African American to be signed to a professional Major League team was and how it affected the future of basebal l. Black American men were banned from being able to play professional baseball from theRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Negro Baseball League Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesFall of the Negro Baseball League For the better part of the 20th century, African American baseball players played under unequal opportunity. On one side of the field, European descendants were given a license to play this childrens game for money and national fame. While on the other side of the field, African slave descendants were also given a license to play - as long as they didnt encroach upon the leagues of the Caucasians. What was left over for African American player in terms ofRead MoreBaseball Has Been One Of The Most Popular Sports Since1059 Words   |  5 PagesBaseball has been one of the most popular sports since the 1700s. Over the years baseball was a segregated team. This changed once Jackie Robinson joined the major leagues. He was a well-known African American baseball player. â€Å"On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the so-called color barrier by becoming the first African American to play in Major League Baseball† (Worker’s World, 2007). This created some controversy over t he years. With Robinson playing in the major leagues, this helped changeRead MoreBaseball s Favorite Pastimes Since The First League1417 Words   |  6 Pages†¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Baseball has been one of America’s favorite pastimes since the first league was formed, all the way to the present day.†¯The first section in this research paper will explain some of the games baseball was based on, the places they are from, how they are played, and the people who came up with the game. In the second section, some of the leagues will be listed, with some of the teams, who established the league, and when they were established. In the third section, famous players in baseballRead MoreHistory of Baseball1338 Words   |  6 Pagesteam to first reach four wins through seven games, the best of the teams wins. In this occasion, the New York Yankees defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers four games to three. Baseball today has many changes from 1952, such as team names. Todays World Series consist of the St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Red Sox, in which the Boston Red Sox defeated the St. Louis Cardinals four games to two. Baseball is Americas past time, some of the greatest players played in the past of baseball. What is Baseball? BaseballRead MoreInvisible Men763 Words   |  4 Pages2013 Invisible Men The Negro Leagues were one of the most important and influential movements to happen in baseball history. Without these ‘Invisible Men’, who knows where baseball’s racial standpoint with not only African American’s, but others such as Cuban, Dominican, and South American players, would be in the Major Leagues. Throughout the book, one pressing theme stays from beginning to end: Segregation. The Negro Leagues flourished from 1920 to 1951, with the first all-pro African AmericanRead MoreAmerica s Favorite Pastime And Jackie Robinson Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s Favorite Pastime and Jackie Robinson The game of baseball has been intertwined in our history. It has been there through the wars and the civil rights movements. The game has seen it all. There have been great players who have put their career’s on hold to fight for their country. â€Å"More than 500 major league baseball players during World War II, including stars like Ted Williams, Stan Musial and Joe DiMaggio†. There is one player that didn’t have to put his career on hold to fight for his

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Breakdown of Choosing Civility - 1531 Words

When approaching meditation as a novice like anything new you begin to categorize and assign key ideas based on the generalization of the word. One would expect when discussing the topic of mediation key components would arise to conform to the American Heritage Dictionary definition, â€Å"a devotional exercise of contemplation or a contemplative discourse† (Heritage, 1982). In such an exercise as mediation how would a simple subject of civility impact your ability to reflect and improve on upon yourself? Forni proposes that, â€Å"as a society we take a new, close look at that intriguing code of behavior based on respect, restraint and responsibility we call civility† (M., 2002, p.14); with in mind, one can correlate the relationship civility†¦show more content†¦Twenty-five established rules allowed the doors of comprehension and the ability to personally relate and reflect to the authors’ view-points to open. As each of these rules plays a defining role in understanding the ability to practice civility, each rule is also a key component in assimilating how to improve on your meditation skills; understand what civility and mediation represent, Forni makes a solid statement that intertwines the two: â€Å"if anything, these rules may feel like a â€Å"longcut,† since civility requires work and dedication. But they do offer a path to serenity and contentment† (M., 2002, p.41). Since civility and mediation share multiple common grounds and house a wide variety of rules, three will be singled out in which I have found, the most beneficial to my own personal growth and understanding. How often do you find yourself being spoken to in an unkind manner or talked down to? Everyone at some point is guilty of this at one point or another in their life. Rule six is essentially addressing this issue, speak kindly. Most people do not realize the significance of verbal communication and if practiced incorrectly how detrimental i t can be to others. Breaking rule six is a drastic setback in improving your civility skills and can handicap you when it comes to many things. Forni immediately begins to state, â€Å"speaking with consideration and kindness is at the heart of civil behavior† (M., 2002, p.65). Without following this key ruleShow MoreRelatedLeadership Is An Art By Max De Pree (2004) Examines How1148 Words   |  5 Pagesserves† (as cited in Luke 22:27, New King James Version). Based on this, leaders owe organizations and followers the following: 1) Assets and a legacy, 2) â€Å"momentum,† 3) organizational effectiveness, and 4) the development, expression, and defense of â€Å"civility and values† (De Pree, 2004, p. 11-30). De Pree (2004) states that not fulfilling these four objectives amounts to living on the â€Å"dying edge† (p. 11-30). Simply put, authentic-participative servant leadership promotes progress on the â€Å"living edgeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Lord Of The Flies Essay2032 Words   |  9 Pageshave their respective golden ages of peace and prosperity, but eventually, they all begin to decline into disorder, their societies inevitably disappearing from the face of the earth. This consistent occurrence begs the question: What causes the breakdown of societal values and order in civilizations? This question is deeply explored in William Golding s novel, Lord of the Flies. In this story, a group of British boys have been stranded on an island, and in the time they spend on it, they createRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesan Effective Project Portfolio Management System 32 Problem 1: The Implementation Gap 32 Problem 2: Organization Politics 33 Problem 3: Resource Conflicts and Multitasking Step 2: Establishing Project Priorities 106 Step 3: Creating the Work Breakdown Structure 108 Major Groupings Found in a WBS 108 How WBS Helps the Project Manager 109 WBS Development 109 34 A Portfolio Management System Classification of the Project Financial Criteria 37 Nonfinancial Criteria 39 36 36 ApplyingRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pagescontribute to failed projects. I would add one more. As the saying goes...Failing to plan is planning to fail. I ve been involved in project management for 18 years, and many of the items on the list occur because of an inadequate plan and/or breakdowns in communication. Keeping all stakeholders, sponsors and team members engaged and on the same page is one of the key roles of the PM. Communicating a clear, concise plan that addresses and overcomes poor expectations, requirements and resultsRead MoreService Gap in Airline Industry27895 Words   |  112 Pages business travelers are usually not the ones to make purchasing decision as the activity in the companies is often performed by a secretary or is outsourced to a travel agency. Shaw (2007) argues that even in the case when actual customer is not choosing the ticket, there are certain needs that have to be met to influence the decision. For example, people prefer easier solutions, and if one option requires calling an airline and another is online booking, the decision maker will most likely go theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesChoice Using Empathy to Negotiate More Ethically 468 Point/Counterpoint Player–Owner Disputes Are Unnecessary 471 Questions for Review 472 Experiential Exercise A Negotiation Role-Play 472 Ethical Dilemma The Lowball Applicant 473 Case Incident 1 Choosing Your Battles 473 Case Incident 2 Mediation: Master Solution to Employment Disputes? 474 S A L 15 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 What Is Organizational Structure? 480 Work Specialization 480 †¢ Departmentalization 482 †¢Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesunderstood by reference to the body of myths in a given culture that his strategy taps and manipulates, and the actions and values associated with and sanctioned by these myths. In brief, the charismatic leader is charismatic, because, in the breakdown of other means of legitimizing authority, he is able to evoke and associate with himself the sacred symbols of the culture.80 Richard H. Dekmejian and Margaret J. Wyszomirski express a similar point of view: â€Å"The revolutionary nature of the messageRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesfrom joining them. While the geographic scope of European migration may not have exceeded that of Chinese or Gujarati merchants, their ability to concentrate and reproduce themselves under favorable social and political conditions of their own choosing surely did surpass that of the Asian migrants. Global Migration and Global Inequalities An increasingly connected world grew hand in hand with an increasingly unequal world. Indeed, global migration resulted from inequalities and, in turn, alsoRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesti ce s Go ve rn m The HRM Functions 35 employees who are flexible and have a variety of skills in addition to their specific job description. It is these jobs that HRM must be prepared to fill.12 Many organizations are choosing to assist recruiting efforts by developing and promoting an employment â€Å"branding† strategy much the same way that consumer products have a distinct brand image. The image needs to fit the organizational strategy, mission, and values. Google, for

Monday, December 9, 2019

Artificial Intelligence Computational and Cognitive

Questions: 1. Should I stop waiting for the download to complete?2. Am I using right language for interaction?3. The old woman could not lift her little daughter because she was very weak. Who is weak?4. Should I slap a 2 year old child for splitting the soup over me? Why?5. Who is looking prettier between Samantha and Michel? Answers: Artificial Intelligence v/s Human Intelligence: The aim of the discussion is to identify the degree to which a computer with artificial intelligence is able to exhibit intelligent behaviour that is equivalent to a human. For the same purpose, a number of questions will be framed and explanation to determine whether the subject is a computer or human will be made. 1. As stated by Alan Turing, it is impossible for a computer to tell accurately whether to halt or not. Internet users often have to face troubles while downloading something (Turing 2014). Often we are stuck with the situation when downloading takes longer time. This situation can be easily traced by a human and the person can guide if the downloading has to be halted or not but the same advice or answer cannot be given by a computer because a computer can never inspect whether the program will halt or run forever. 2. As commented by Wenger (2014), language has more to do with personal interaction. The difficulty faced by machines to interpret particular meanings has been evident at many times. Artificial intelligence system has only to do with language processing task and not personal interaction. Thus, the difference between a humans and a machines approach can be easily evident. 3. If the question has to be answered logically and as programmed for the computers, the computer will say that the daughter is weak. However, the same question can be easily answered by a human because considering common sense of a person, the individual will be easily able to say that the old woman is weak and thus, she cannot lift the little child (Michalski et al. 2013). In case, if the child was weak, the woman could be able to lift her easily. 4. Malcolm Gladwell pointed out that computers with artificial intelligence do not have moral choices to analyse a situation and fit the rules into the fact. The question will not be answered properly by the computer with artificial intelligence (Gladwell 2012). With some vital programming the answer could be either yes or no but the reason of the answer cannot be provided by the computer. However, a human will say that it is immoral to slap a small child for such issues because it is an infant and such small issues are common. 5. It is evident that computers do not have the perception of telling whether a person is pretty or not. It completely depends on the understanding and perception of a living human to differentiate the looks or appearance between two persons. Unless the computer is programmed with the two mentioned names, getting an answer (whether correct or incorrect) is not possible (Turing 2012). However, assertion can be easily made by a human on the looks or appearance of people. Reference List: Gladwell, M., 2012.Blink: The Power of Thinking Without [thinking]. CNIB. Michalski, R.S., Carbonell, J.G. and Mitchell, T.M. eds., 2013.Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Springer Science Business Media. Turing, A., 2012. The father of computing.Quest,8(4), p.3 Turing, A., 2014. Turing: Oracles and Computation.ITNOW,56(1). Wenger, E., 2014.Artificial intelligence and tutoring systems: computational and cognitive approaches to the communication of knowledge. Morgan Kaufmann.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Taylorism free essay sample

Taylorism Scientific management, also known as Taylorism, was an innovative theory that maximized production efficiency within the manufacturing industries in the late 19th century. The main goal of this management theory was to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. The way it worked was that scientific management removed autonomy of skilled workers, but rather it simplified Job tasks so that Job could be performed even by unskilled workers who could be easily trained. Before scientific management, workers had to learn necessary skills in a long ime period until they become skilled enough. However, all these started when Fredrick Taylor, the person who invented this theory, noticed inefficiency or soldiering in the steel industries. Although scientific management seems to have succeeded in transforming inefficiency into efficiency and only have good sides due to its effects, it was a highly controversial subject in many areas. In the steel industry, Taylor observed inefficiency among workers where they worked far below their capacity. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylorism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It did not matter if the workers were smart, because ven smart workers tended to work far below their capacity and did not put enough effort for several reasons. They were basically unmotivated. He later found out that employees that are forced to work meaningless and repetitive tasks usually perform at the slowest rate. There were some reasons behind its slowness. One of the main reasons would be workers tend to think that if they work at their best abilities and become more productive, fewer of them will be needed thus Jobs will be eliminated. One another reason was non-incentive wage system back in the 19th century. This non-incentive wage system ultimately discouraged workers to work with their full potential, because they get paid the same amount whether they work fast or slow. Also, through the non-incentive wage system, workers tried to convince their employers that slow paced work is better, because they thought if they start working fast, they feared that would become a new standard of employers. In order to resolve problems arisen from soldiering and improve efficiency, Taylor constructed experiments to determine the best level of tasks for each Job and what is necessary o perform the tasks. Fredrick Taylor strongly believed that scientific methods will minimize these problems above and increase efficiency more than the initiative and incentive method would work. Although the initiative and incentive method offered incentives to good workers so that work efficiency increases, but responsibility of how to figure out things was still placed on workers. To prove his methods work, he firstly performed an experiment called time studies (time and motion studies) in order to determine the best way to perform Jobs. It used stopwatches to time workers sequence of motions. Basically he proved through the experiment that even though workers are incentivized to do extra works, lets say extra move of more tons per day, they would become exhausted after a few hours, because of the physical capability. extra amounts, workers are able to work extra without being tired and exhausted. Also it suggested that employees should be selected according to how well they are suited for a particular Job. After Fredrick Taylor experimented for a long time with his scientific management, e finally concluded some principles in order to achieve his original goal: to improve productivity in labor. One of them would be replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. Second thing would be scientifically select, train, and develop each workers rather than Just leaving them to train themselves. Again, each worker has to do what they are good at in order to maximize its productivity and efficiency in labor. He also thought not only implement scientific method is important, but he thought cooperating with the workers to nsure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed is also important. Obviously, scientific management is considered to be the reason why industries were able to improve themselves along with improving efficiency. And it is obvious to say that the scientific management has affected the societys work environment positively. For instance, this principle was implemented in many factories, often increasing labor productivity. Its success even affected a known man Henry Ford and his automobile factories. Even average families in households egan to do household tasks based on the principles of time and motion studies. However, although scientific management is known to improve labor efficiency, it added monotony to workers. Although many of workers accepted the management theory, many denied because of the use of stopwatch. Some workers thought the use of stopwatch is inhumane and they started to protest on it. Despite its controversy, the scientific management method definitely changed the way of the work environment and the way workers work into a positive way, and its form continues to be used even today. Taylorism free essay sample Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by UNIVERSITY OF SURREY For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www. emeraldinsight. com/authors for more information. About Emerald www. emeraldinsight. com That aspect of the factory’s activities on which Thompson’s report focused is the inspection department described by Taylor[4,5]. He notes that in this department the women inspectors were employed at the task of inspecting ball-bearings for defects. This was work that required great skill and very close attention. When Taylor began work at the plant the women were employed ten-and-a-half hours per day. On Saturdays, a half holiday was allowed, so the women worked a 58-hour week which was the full limit allowed by law. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylorism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For the first two months after piecework was introduced, the women continued to labour ten-and-a-half hours per day. It was found, however, that they had difficulty maintaining the degree of concentration required. On both day work and piecework, the inspectors became tired before the day was done. Accordingly, in August of 1897 the hours of labour were shortened from tenand-a-half to nine-and-a-half per day and a recess of five minutes was allowed in the middle of the morning and the middle of the afternoon. Notwithstanding this shortening of hours, both the quality and the quantity of output improved. Overall, the workers produced 33 per cent more work than they had the previous month. As the inspectors were still adjusting to piecework, Taylor decided it was not possible to determine to what extent the increased output was a result of the shorter hours. However, the next increase in hourly productivity he perceived as being solely the product of the reduction of worktime. Once convinced â€Å"things were working very smoothly† in the inspection department, Taylor reduced the workday to eight-and-a-half hours and increased the morning and afternoon breaks to ten minutes[8, p. ]. This hour’s reduction again had a positive effect on hourly output. The increase in productivity, however, was only sufficient to balance the reduction in hours. In other words, although overall output was maintained, it did not increase as it had in July. As output had only been maintained with the second reduction it was assumed the most efficient balance of worktime and work intensity had probably been achieved. Given this situation it was decided to leave the working day at eight-and-a-half hours and no further reductions in hours were introduced. In concluding the report, Thompson observed that it should not be believed that the eight-and-a-half hour day was an optimum that ought to be adopted in all situations. Different types of work would almost certainly require a different balance of working hours and work intensity. Knowledge of the optimum time schedule in any given case should not be presumed but should be based on careful, empirical testing. If this form of testing was undertaken, he concluded, a very substantial case could be developed for extending the reduction of working hours throughout industry: Taylorism and hours of work 11 JMH 1,2 2 It is not too much to claim †¦ that in a vast number of cases, especially in industrial establishments, the length of day might be shortened to the advantage of both the workman and the capitalist, provided that some incentive be given to the worker, such as the promise, if he is a piece-worker, that his rate per piece will not be cut if he exerts himself[8, p. 9]. A second most important observation regarding the limits of worktime reductions was also advanced. Thompson noted that logically there must be a limit to the extent to which the shortening of hours, in itself, has a positive effect on output.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Social Criticism In Literature Essays - Criticism, Discrimination

Social Criticism In Literature Essays - Criticism, Discrimination Social Criticism in Literature Many authors receive their inspiration for writing their literature from outside sources. The idea for a story could come from family, personal experiences, history, or even their own creativity. For authors that choose to write a book based on historical events, the inspiration might come from their particular viewpoint on the event that they want to dramatize. George Orwell and Charles Dickens wrote Animal Farm and A Tale of Two Cities, respectively, to express their disillusionment with society and human nature. Animal Farm, written in 1944, is a book that tells the animal fable of a farm in which the farm animals revolt against their human masters. It is an example of social criticism in literature in which Orwell satirized the events in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution. He anthropomorphises the animals, and alludes each one to a counterpart in Russian history. A Tale of Two Cities also typifies this kind of literature. Besides the central theme of love, is another prevalent theme, that of a revolution gone bad. He shows us that, unfortunately, human nature causes us to be vengeful and, for some of us, overly ambitious. Both these books are similar in that both describe how, even with the best of intentions, our ambitions get the best of us. Both authors also demonstrate that violence and the Machiavellian attitude of "the ends justifying the means" are deplorable. George Orwell wrote Animal Farm, ". . . to discredit the Soviet system by showing its inhumanity and its back-sliding from ideals [he] valued . . ."(Gardner, 106) Orwell noted that " there exists in England almost no literature of disillusionment with the Soviet Union.' Instead, that country is viewed either with ignorant disapproval' or with uncritical admiration.'"(Gardner, 96) The basic synopsis is this: Old Major, an old boar in Manor Farm, tells the other animals of his dream of "animalism": " . . . Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we would become rich and free.'" (Orwell, 10) The other animals take this utopian idea to heart, and one day actually do revolt and drive the humans out. Two pigs emerge as leaders: Napoleon and Snowball. They coneztly argued, but one day, due to a difference over plans to build a windmill, Napoleon exiled Snowball. Almost immediately, Napoleon established a totalitarian government. Soon, the pigs began to get special favours, until finally, they were indistinguishable from humans to the other animals. Immediately the reader can begin to draw parallels between the book's characters and the government in 1917-44 Russia. For example, Old Major, who invented the idea of "animalism," is seen as representing Karl Marx, the creator of communism. Snowball represents Trotsky, a Russian leader after the revolution. He was driven out by Napoleon, who represents Stalin, the most powerful figure in the country. Napoleon then proceeded to remove the freedoms of the animals, and established a dictatorship, under the public veil of "animalism." Pigs represent the ruling class because of their stereotype: dirty animals with insatiable appetites. Boxer, the overworked, incredibly strong, dumb horse represents the common worker in Russia. The two surrounding farms represent two of the countries on the global stage with Russia at the time, Germany and England. Orwell begins his book by criticizing the capitalists and ruling elite, who are represented in Animal Farm by Mr. Jones, the farmer. He is shown as a negligent drunk, who coneztly starved his animals. "His character is already established as self-indulgent and uncaring." (King, 8) Orwell shows us how, "if only animals became aware of their strength, we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat." (Gardner, 97) What was established in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution was not true communism ("animalism"), which Orwell approved of, where the people owned all the factories and land. Rather, "state communism" was established, where a central government owned them. Orwell thought that such a political system, "state communism," was open to exploitation by its leaders. Napoleon, after gaining complete control, did anything he wished - reserved the best for the pigs, and treated the animals cruelly. The animals could

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Indian Ocean Raid in World War II

Indian Ocean Raid in World War II Indian Ocean Raid - Conflict Dates: The Indian Ocean Raid was conducted March 31 to April 10, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945). Forces Commanders Allies Vice Admiral Sir James Somerville3 carriers, 5 battleships, 7 cruisers, 15 destroyers Japanese Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo6 carriers, 4 battleships, 7 cruisers, 19 destroyers Indian Ocean Raid - Background: Following the Japanese attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and the start of World War II in the Pacific, the British position in the region quickly began to unravel. Beginning with the loss of Force Z off Malaysia on December 10, British forces surrendered Hong Kong on Christmas before losing the Battle of Singapore on February 15, 1942. Twelve days later, the Allied naval position in Dutch East Indies collapsed when the Japanese soundly defeated American-British-Dutch-Australian forces at the Battle of the Java Sea. In an effort reestablish a naval presence, the Royal Navy dispatched Vice Admiral Sir James Somerville to the Indian Ocean as Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet in March 1942. To support the defense of Burma and India, Somerville received the carriers HMS Indomitable, HMS Formidable, and HMS Hermes as well as five battleships, two heavy cruisers, five light cruisers, and sixteen destroyers. Best known for his reluctant attack on the French at Mers el Kebir in 1940, Somerville arrived on Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and quickly found the Royal Navys principal base at Trincomalee to be poorly defended and vulnerable. Concerned, he directed that a new forward base be constructed on Addu Atoll six hundred miles to the southwest in the Maldives. Alerted to the British naval build up, the Japanese Combined Fleet directed Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo to enter the Indian Ocean with the carriers Akagi, Hiryu, Soryu, Shokaku, Zuikaku, and Ryujo and eliminate Somervilles forces while also supporting operations in Burma. Departing Celebes on March 26, Nagumos carriers were supported by a variety of surface vessels as well as submarines. Indian Ocean Raid - Nagumo Approaches: Warned of Nagumos intentions by American radio intercepts, Somerville elected to withdraw the Eastern Fleet to Addu. Entering the Indian Ocean, Nagumo detached Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa with Ryujo and ordered him to strike British shipping in the Bay of Bengal. Attacking on March 31, Ozawas aircraft sank 23 ships. Japanese submarines claimed five more along the Indian coast. These actions led Somerville to believe that Ceylon would be struck on April 1 or 2. When no attack materialized, he decided to dispatch the older Hermes back to Trincomalee for repairs. The cruisers HMS Cornwall and HMS Dorsetshire as well as the destroyer HMAS Vampire sailed as escorts. On April 4, a British PBY Catalina succeeded in locating Nagumos fleet. Reporting its position, the Catalina, flown by Squadron Leader Leonard Birchall, was soon downed by six A6M Zeros from Hiryu. Indian Ocean Raid - Easter Sunday: The next morning, which was Easter Sunday, Nagumo launched a large raid against Ceylon. Making landfall at Galle, the Japanese planes moved up the coast to strike at Colombo. Despite the warning the previous day and sightings of the enemy aircraft, the British on the island were effectively taken by surprise. As a result, the Hawker Hurricanes based at Ratmalana were caught on the ground. Conversely, the Japanese, who were unaware of the new base at Addu, were equally taken aback to find that Somervilles ships were not present. Striking the available targets, they sank the auxiliary cruiser HMS Hector and the old destroyer HMS Tenedos as well as destroyed twenty-seven British aircraft. Later in the day, the Japanese located Cornwall and Dorsetshire which were en route back to Addu. Launching a second wave, the Japanese succeeded in sinking both cruisers and killing 424 British sailors. Putting out from Addu, Somerville sought to intercept Nagumo. Late on April 5, two Royal Navy Albacores spotted the Japanese carrier force. One aircraft was quickly downed while the other was damaged before it could radio an accurate spotting report. Frustrated, Somerville continued to search through the night in the hopes of a mounting an attack in the dark using his radar-equipped Albacores. These efforts ultimately proved fruitless. The next day, Japanese surface forces sank five Allied merchant vessels while aircraft destroyed the sloop HMIS Indus. On April 9, Nagumo again moved to strike Ceylon and mounted a large raid against Trincomalee. Having been alerted that an attack was imminent, Hermes departed with Vampire on the night of April 8/9. Indian Ocean Raid - Trincomalee Batticaloa: Hitting Trincomalee at 7:00 AM, the Japanese struck targets around the harbor and one aircraft conducted a suicide attack into a tank farm. The resulting fire lasted a week. Around 8:55 AM, Hermes and its escorts were spotted by scout plane flying from the battleship Haruna. Intercepting this report, Somerville directed the ships to return to port and attempts were made to provide fighter cover. Shortly thereafter, Japanese bombers appeared and commenced attacking the British ships. Effectively unarmed as its aircraft had been landed at Trincomalee, Hermes was hit around forty times before sinking. Its escorts also fell victim to the Japanese pilots. Moving north, Nagumos planes sank the corvette HMS Hollyhock and three merchant ships. The hospital ship Vita later arrived to pick up survivors. Indian Ocean Raid - Aftermath: In the wake of the attacks, Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton, Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon feared that the island would be the target of invasion. This proved not to be the case as the Japanese lacked the resources for a major amphibious operation against Ceylon. Instead, the Indian Ocean Raid accomplished its goals of demonstrating Japanese naval superiority and forcing Somerville to withdraw west to East Africa. In the course of the campaign, the British lost an aircraft carrier, two heavy cruisers, two destroyers, a corvette, an auxiliary cruiser, a sloop, as well as over forty aircraft. Japanese losses were limited to around twenty aircraft. Returning to the Pacific, Nagumos carriers began preparing for the campaigns that would culminate with the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway. Selected Sources World War II Database: Indian Ocean RaidCombined Fleet: Raids into the Indian Ocean Defense Media Network: Nagumos Indian Ocean Raid

Thursday, November 21, 2019

REFER TO OTHER INSTRUCTIONS FOR PROBLEM QUESTION WHICH NEEDS TO BE Essay

REFER TO OTHER INSTRUCTIONS FOR PROBLEM QUESTION WHICH NEEDS TO BE ANSWERED CONCERNING EU LAW-Principles of Direct Effect, Indirect Effect, State Liability and - Essay Example Van Gend, European Community regulations can and must be tried before national courts and therefore Eastern Interiors can bring action on refusal of license in UK courts. However since the UK Government in Tachographics has left the matter of implementation of EU regulations to individuals without any State intervention, it is not likely to interfere unless Eastern Interiors can demonstrate a discriminatory bias in the decision of the European Commission to refuse its license. The other Company does not have any grounds for appeal, since it does not even have a reply from the Commission. Action can be bought against EU regulations by a Member State by going in appeal to the ECJ, which is the only authority that can possibly over rule the decisions of the Commission. However in this instance, since only two companies are affected by the refusal/denial of license, it is unlikely that any appeal will be entertained by UK Courts. Through the concept of direct effect, member states are bo und to apply EU regulations in their entirety, and they cannot be implemented piece meal (See case 128/78 Commission v UK (1979) ECR 419). In the event of non compliance with the EU regulation, the UK may have to change its laws to accommodate EU Law (See the case of C-246/89R Commission v UK (1989). However this case concerns the refusal of licenses, for which restrictions on availability have already been specified, and since the regulation will be implemented in its entirety, the restriction on licenses and the right to refuse or deny a license as laid out in the Regulation, will have primary and predominant effect in the UK and individuals such as Eastern Interiors will have to accept and adhere to the terms of the Regulation. EU regulations are in general very detailed and unless any specific remedies are available to individuals under the terms of the regulation, it is unlikely that eastern Interiors or the other company can successfully seek remedy under EU law. In the case

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Popular World Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Popular World Music - Essay Example This is because the camera angles are shot from above viewing the cleavage of a woman, females bending in front of the cameras, and the camera looking up from below which is forbidden in numerous cultures as it is similar to looking up a dress. In addition, according to xStephhhXx, (1), numerous music videos are filled with images having shots where bodies of the females are showered with money, indicating that the women’s bodies can be controlled and bought by men. This is mostly common in the hip-hop music videos and the pornographic images in the videos form a cultural environment that inspires ferocious behavior by a number of men towards women. The images are not innocent, but the narratives they tell are firmly implicated in the power and gender relations of our culture. Knowing that the media is an influential tool that has so much power to influence how individuals behave and think in the society, and how we describe others and ourselves. Watching such music videos is not a simple thing to sit through, since music videos are a collection of numerous troubling clips displaying the extreme insolence given to women in the domain of music

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Failed Products Essay Example for Free

Failed Products Essay A clothier, such as Levi Strauss, that has been around for 150 years is bound to have their share of hits and misses because fashion is terribly fickle and largely unpredictable. But this doesn’t mean you should ignore your target audience. In late 2002, Levi Strauss began a massive marketing push to launch what was being touted as one of the company’s most significant launches in history, Type 1 Jeans. The line unnecessarily went to great lengths to accentuate all those signature design details already long-associated with Levi’s, such as the red tab logo, buttons, rivets, and the two-horse back patch. To accompany the launch, Levi Strauss spent $2 million on an artsy, misguided  Super Bowl commercial  that confused viewers. Going against common practice, they placed Type 1 in retailers with inconsistent prices, ranging from $30 at a retailer like JC Penney’s to over $100 at Barney’s, with no discernable difference in quality. Levi Strauss pulled the entire line after less than two years and Type 1 proved to be the proud clothier’s most spectacular flop. How marketing can cause a product to fail? I have discussed in the past many good examples of  marketing helped a product to succeed. Apple is the first brand that comes to mind when we talk about marketing. The communication and design of the products has led to its wide spread success and Apple becoming one of the  most valuable companies in the world. But what about marketing failures? For every Apple there are many products that fail due to bad marketing strategies. In this piece I would like to discuss one of them-  The TATA Nano. - In a recent trip to Sri Lanka, I saw the TATA Nano being used extensively as a Taxi. As I asked around the average Sri Lankan felt that the Nano though a good car  did not carry enough prestige to be a passenger car. And this they felt was a result of the positioning taken by the marketing managers of the brand. As I look back at the previous campaigns for the Nano, it suddenly struck me that Nano was a consumer behavior assessment failure. The brand managers positioned the car as the next upgrade for a family of four with a two wheeler. But every such household had an aspiration to move to something better and not necessarily cheaper. Even if the consumer was in that income bracket, he aspired for something cooler. This point was not taken into consideration while the brand managers were coming up with the positioning. The next campaign focused on the tier 2 cities with bad roads and little or no inclination to move things along. This further hit the car sales. Finally now the Nano has been positioned as a cool car to have fun with. Also the colors and the powerful AC are being positioned as the differentiators along with the classic adage of better fuel efficiency that has helped its sales. I personally feel that positioning a product or service would be a strong spin off from consumer behavior and without understanding the hopes and aspirations of the masses a product is bound to not have the stickiness factor. TATA Nano was a classic case of a product manager who chooses not to respect the aspirations of his prospective consumers. A famous marketer once told me that â€Å"A man buys a car for what he wants to be and buys a house based on what he is†.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Comparing three poems from different cultures :: English Literature

Comparing three poems from different cultures Introduction The three poems that I will be comparing are ‘Presents from my aunts in Pakistan’ by Moniza Alvi, ‘Half-caste’ by John Agard and ‘Island Man’ by Grace Nichols. All of these poets have mixed-race backgrounds and all of these poems are linked in with the difficulties arising from having different cultural backgrounds. Story/theme ‘Presents from my aunts in Pakistan’ is reflective of Moniza Alvi’s childhood and her experiences of being from two different backgrounds â€Å"glass circles, recall the story how the three of us sailed to England.† She tells the reader about her experiences in Pakistan, the journey from Pakistan to England and about being in England. This shows that although she is confused about her background, she remembers everything from both cultures. ‘Half-Caste’, however, is a very confrontational poem and John Agard addresses the reader personally. â€Å"Excuse me†¦explain yuself†¦yu must come back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Agard addresses the reader personally and confronts them about their opinions or beliefs of Half-caste people. He asks them to tell him what they mean by the phrase half-caste, then gives various scenarios about what they may mean which are incongruous. This puts his point across and makes people think about or change their beliefs. Conversely, ‘Island Man’ is the story of a man that used to live on an island, possibly the Caribbean, and then moved to London. This poem describes his feelings as he wakes up for the first day back in London â€Å"Comes back†¦to dull North Circular Road†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This poem also shows that he would much prefer to live on his â€Å"emerald island† than in London. This shows that the man has made a conscious decision about which part of his background he prefers and which part of his life he would like to fulfil. Emotions expressed ‘Presents from my aunts in Pakistan’ is a very sensitive poem and many emotions are expressed throughout the poem. In the first stanza, Moniza Alvi expresses excitement as she lists all of the wonderful things that her aunts have sent her from Pakistan. In the second stanza, she seems down heartened about everything and says, â€Å"never be as lovely as those clothes.† For the rest of the poem she seems confused about her background and indecisive about which background she prefers. ‘Half-Caste’, however, expresses a feeling of confrontation throughout the poem and it always seems as if John Agard wants the readers to respond to what he says but because of his hectoring tone the reader believes that they cannot. On the contrary, ‘Island Man’ has a pessimistic feel to the poem throughout. It seems as though the island man is constantly

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Defense of Marriage Act

In 1996, Congress enacted the Defense of Marriage Act (â€Å"DOMA†), which added the following definition to the United States Code: â€Å"†¦[T]he word â€Å"marriage† means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word â€Å"spouse† refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife. † (Defense of Marriage Act sec. 3). Since the enactment of DOMA, however, five states (Iowa, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont and Massachusetts) have come in direct conflict with the law by conferring full legal status to same-sex marriages.Thus, a same-sex couple may be legally married in their state of residence but would not be recognized as such under federal law. The Supreme Court, in light of its own binding precedent, must recognize that marriage, is a constitutionally-guaranteed, fundamental right of all citizens. Because DOMA interferes with such rights, it must be overturned as unconstitutional, and th e federal government must recognize same-sex marriages performed legally in states where such marriages are permitted. In a landmark post-DOMA case, the Supreme Court overturned its earlier decision in Bowers v.Hardwick, and held that state anti-sodomy laws restricting consensual sexual behavior between adults, same-sex or otherwise, were unconstitutional (Lawrence v. Texas 558). The Court held â€Å"†¦that our laws and tradition afford constitutional protection to personal decisions relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, and education†¦. Persons in a homosexual relationship may seek autonomy [in making these choices]†¦ just as heterosexual persons do† (Lawrence v. Texas 574). States’ ability to define or limit marriage is further diluted by the equal protection doctrine.The right to marry is fundamental and, as such, cannot be defined so as to apply to citizens on an unequal basis or on the basis of classi fication. The equal protection doctrine is derived from the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, which provides that no citizen of the United States or any state shall be denied â€Å"equal protection of the laws† (U. S. Constitution, amend. 14, sec. 1). Prior to 1996, the Supreme Court’s equal protection decisions progressively made strides toward greater personal freedoms and greater recognition of the fundamental rights of individuals.By defining marriage solely as a relationship between a man and a woman, Congress attempted to slam the door on decades of Supreme Court jurisprudence. The Supreme Court famously addressed the right to marry as a matter of equal protection in the 1967 decision of Loving v. Virginia. Striking down anti-miscegenation statutes in more than 20 states, the court held â€Å"[t]here can be no doubt that restricting the freedom to marry solely because of racial classifications violates the central meaning of the equal protection clauseâ €  (Loving v.Virginia 12). The Supreme Court has also recognized the right of prison inmates to marry (Turner v. Safley, 78). In so doing, the court addressed specifically whether the inability to consummate a marriage affects the constitutional protection afforded such a relationship. In her opinion for the court, Justice O’Connor wrote: â€Å"Many important attributes of marriage remain, however, after taking into account the limitations imposed by prison life†¦.[M]arriages†¦are expressions of emotional support and public commitment†¦hav[e] spiritual significance†¦ [and] [f]inally, marital status often is a precondition to the receipt of government benefits (e. g. , Social Security benefits), property rights (e. g. , tenancy by the entirety, inheritance rights), and other, less tangible benefits†¦. These incidents of marriage, like the religious and personal aspects of the marriage commitment, are unaffected by the fact of confinement or the pur suit of legitimate corrections goals.† (Turner v. Safley 95-96) All the minimal hallmarks of marriage enumerated by the Court in Turner can exist in a legal same-sex marriage; with the sole exception of the couple’s ability to obtain the federal government benefits denied them by DOMA. In a case that perhaps best encapsulates the Supreme Court’s belief in the breadth of the right to marry, the Court addressed a Wisconsin law that prevented people with child-support arrearages from marrying. (Zablocki v. Redhail, 434 U. S. 374 (1978)).In holding the law unconstitutional, the court stated that â€Å"[a]lthough Loving arose in the context of racial discrimination, prior and subsequent decisions of this Court confirm that the right to marry is of fundamental importance for all individuals† (Zablocki v. Redhail 384). If marriage is a right of â€Å"fundamental importance for all individuals,† (Id. ) it is necessarily a fundamental right for homosexual me n and women. In conclusion, the Defense of Marriage Act and the federal government’s failure to recognize legal same-sex marriages are unconstitutional.DOMA illegally interferes with the fundamental right of homosexual individuals to choose whom they wish to marry. The United States was undergoing a major conservative revolution at the time DOMA was passed. The times have changed. As Justice Kennedy wrote in 2003, seven years after DOMA was enacted, â€Å"†¦[T]imes can blind us to certain truths and later generations can see that laws once thought necessary and proper in fact serve only to oppress. As the Constitution endures, persons in every generation can invoke its principles in their own search for greater freedom† (Lawrence v.Texas, 579). It is time for the Supreme Court of this generation to lift the oppression of DOMA and require the federal government to recognize legal same-sex marriages. Works Cited Defense of Marriage Act, U. S. Statutes at Large 2419 (1996): sec. 3. Desylva v. Ballentine, 351 U. S. 570 (1956). Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U. S. 558 (2003). Loving v. Virginia, 388 U. S. 1, 12 (1967). Turner v. Safley, 482 U. S. 78 (1987). Zablocki v. Redhail, 434 U. S. 374 (1978).

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Innocent Smoothies

Innocent drink case study analysis: Innocent drinks are a unique business selling 100% natural fruit smoothies. (Innocent drinks) There are many factors that contribute to the company’s successful development so far. Firstly, and most importantly, their unique selling point which is using just fresh fruit in their drinks. This is a major strength to the company as they fit in today’s trend of a healthy eating lifestyle. â€Å"They contain even more antioxidants than the average five a day† (Adams 2007). Moreover Innocent has environmentally friendly packaging; their bottles are clear with simple product information in one colour. Straight away this makes it stand out more than the rest on that shop shelf. â€Å"They were the first company in the world to put drinks on shelves in 100% recycled plastic bottles† (Oracle 2008). However they did not carry out in depth research, they only asked consumers one question: â€Å"Do you think we should give up our jobs to make these smoothies? † (Bains et. al. 2008). No questions related to the product that could help them in the future were asked. Moreover the founders abided by their principles and they only produced their products how they wanted to. This had moved them from a niche market to a nationalised company, now holding more than half of the market share. Furthermore they have met their social responsibilities in many ways such as projects in India, providing food for the homeless and the big knit- providing warmth for the elderly. â€Å"We knitted 20,000 hats to raise ? 10,000 money for Age Concern† (Innocent drinks) Another factor of success to Innocent is their fun and informal business style. Their organisational structure is unique as their staff get bonuses on having children and snowboarding holidays. Even their website is fun-filled excitement; it has its own attractive style it tells you everything about them. Lester (2007) explains â€Å"Their Company’s offices are among the friendliest and relaxed in the world† However the difficulties that company’s like Innocent drinks face are firstly lack of experience and knowledge. Lester (2007) describes â€Å"Its founders had no real experience in the sector. † Moreover raising capital, the founders of Innocent being foolish gave their jobs up straight away without any solid plans. Lester (2007) explains â€Å"They needed to raise money to buy fruit and bottles and get the smoothies made. † However capital problems can be solved by finding ‘Business Angels’. Innocent also found theirs – a wealthy American Maurice Pinto, had the experience and the `money; he was highly impressed by Innocent. â€Å"Maurice decided to invest ? 250,000 in return for 20% stake in the business† (Lester 2007). Furthermore many new businesses underestimate things like how much raw material they will need, this was similar to Innocent. They had only ever made small quantities of their juices but were looking to expand across the nation† (Lester 2007). But using fresh fruits meant that the drinks will be perishable quicker and will have to be sold really quickly. Having too many founders can also be an obstacle to a small business. Innocent had three founders, which meant there were conflicts and every decision had to be discussed and debated befor e reaching a conclusion. This can slow down progress. Innocent have many more business opportunities now that they are a successfully developed business. They have already started to expand their product range in making further products like desserts. They could furthermore develop their product range from ice-creams to maybe even meals, keeping to their principles of healthy eating. Moreover, with the right market research, if these products became successful, they could even open up shops, even restaurants or cafes and possibly start selling online too. These are opportunities because â€Å"By differentiating the products or service the company increase the value of its operators and hence, improves performance† (Bradley 2002 p21). They could further enhance their existing products starting with new packaging, a new style, new combination of colours or even new sizes (king/snack size). Ali (2001 pg 24) suggests firms should â€Å"Keep products fresh by introducing new variants and improved versions†. Using incentives is a good way to get attention, Innocent could offer a free soft toy cow, or a free membership pass to a gym. Innocent use testimonials on their website, they could use famous faces to make these testimonials stand out more. Ali (2001 p11) also explains that a business should â€Å"Look at the various aspects of their business that customers use to form a view of you† Lastly Innocent could sponsor big charity events and music shows, this way they are being ethically responsible and they raise awareness about their products. All of these suggestions would contribute to reducing the risk of business failure for Innocent drinks in the future. Innocent is a fast growing business and one of the most successful. However Page, Ralph and Jones (1989 p 1-55) explain fast growth in a short period of time is a threat. Having to produce on a large scale and making deliveries on time can be difficult. Forecasting demand and market growth is essential; firms almost fail predicting this incorrectly. A fast growing business like Innocent, need to keep track of forecasts as accurately as they can, or they can lose their reputation and money. For example, â€Å"Firms need skill in measuring and forecasting the size, growth, and profit potential† (Kotler 1994 p 245). Also Innocent will have to be aware of changing trends and tastes in their market, drastic changes in the market can affect Innocent. However there are also external threats to Innocent like competition (Myroslaw 1987 p 45). They need to keep a constant watch on competitors to make comparisons with their own business. Moreover change in economic conditions effect firms, currently the economy is suffering a recession; (www. news. bbc. co. uk) during these times it would be best to lower prices. Even more technology changes can be threatening to the position of a firm, Innocent might need to update their current technology and re-train their employees. Finally meeting their liabilities, avoiding bad debts and cash flow problems will contribute to a firm’s success. In conclusion Innocent drinks is proven to be a surprisingly successful business even after all the struggles, they came through as a strong and honest business. However they now need to be extra careful because they have reached a high level of success, and the higher you are the harder it becomes to maintain that position. Word count: 1,062 Bibliography: Anthony S. Page, Ralph C. Jones (1989) ‘Business Growth – How to Achieve and Sustain It’, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 10(2) p 1-55. Ali, M. (2001) Marketing Effectively, Hampton, Dorling Kindersley. Baines, P. Fill, C. and Page, K. (2008) Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bradley, F. (2002) International Marketing Strategy, Dublin, Pearson Education. Kotler, P. (1994) Marketing Management, USA, Prentice Hall. Myroslaw J. (1987) ‘customer service competition business to business and industrial market’ Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 2(4) p45-52. ttp://www. innocentdrinks. co. uk/us/? Page=our_story Accessed 21/11/08 http://www. innocentdrinks. co. uk/bored/ Accessed 21/11/08 http://money. aol. co. uk/small-business/innocent-drinks-coming-to-fruition/article/20070814091309990004 Accessed 19/11/08 http://www. oracle. com/customers/snapshots/innocent-drinks-demantra-snapshot. pdf Accessed 21/11/08 http://www. drinks-business-review. com/art icle_feature. asp? guid=55937F47-8134-4E4F-A9A4-881AE440062F Accessed 21/11/08 http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/magazine/7686531. stm Accessed 01/12/08

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Government and Insurance Case Study Essay Example

Government and Insurance Case Study Essay Example Government and Insurance Case Study Essay Government and Insurance Case Study Essay The claims that the government insurance are receiving tend to be much higher than what those who cash and carry are required to pay. The government is having to pay significantly higher claims for members of medicare and Medicaid than those who do not use government insurance and pay with cash. The government feels they are being taken advantage of in this system and have imposed laws that now forbid that a companys’ claims be in excess of 120% of what the ordinary, or usual, charges would be without good cause. Potentially, government programs reimbursement amounts exceed the retail sales price for products because customers are more restricted and requires an extensive number of internal processes and procedure. The reimbursement amounts are set by the program entity. The process of selling goods involves additional mandated by law consideration beyond the normal cash and carry process, including the processing of insurance claims and substantiation of product delivery. Another potential could be because of the nondurable medical supplies, and how the process is cumbersome as the products are supplied to customers on a monthly basis. We do not think that the reimbursement rate for this company is substantially in excess. In order to comply with all of the governments requirements, there are significant operating expenses that must be incurred to get the products to where they need to be. Looking at TABLE 6, you can see that the product cost per unit is significantly higher for the product s sold to the government than the products sold to the cash and carry customers because of these extra operating expenses that are incurred. For this reason, this company should have good cause to charge a higher percentage for reimbursement rate in order the allow the business to operate at a profit and make it worth while to continue providing products for these customers. Although the numbers are not given to see what the company charges for :

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

The Annapolis Convention of 1786

The Annapolis Convention of 1786 The Annapolis Convention was an early American national political convention held at Manns Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland, on September 11- 14, 1786. Attended by twelve delegates from the five states of New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia, the convention was called to address and remove the self-serving protectionist trade barriers each state had independently established. With the United States government still operating under the state power-heavy Articles of Confederation, each state was largely autonomous, with the central government lacking any authority to regulate trade between and among the various states. While the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina had appointed delegates to the Annapolis Convention, the failed to arrive in time to participate. The other four of the 13 original states, Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia, refused or chose not to take part. Though it was comparatively small and failed to accomplish its intended purpose, the Annapolis Convention was a major step leading to the creation of the U.S. Constitution and the current federal government system. The Reason for the Annapolis Convention After the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783, the leaders of the new American nation took on the daunting job of creating a government capable of fairly and efficiently meeting what they knew would be an ever-growing list of public needs and demands. America’s first attempt at a constitution, the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, created a rather weak central government, leaving most powers to the states. This resulted in a series of localized tax rebellions, economic depressions, and problems with trade and commerce that the central government was unable to resolve, such as: In 1786, a dispute over alleged economic injustices and suspension of civil rights by the state of Massachusetts resulted in Shays Rebellion, an often violent dispute in which protestors were eventually subdued by a privately raised and funded militia.  In 1785, Maryland and Virginia engaged in a particularly nasty dispute over which state should be allowed to profit from the commercial use of the rivers that crossed both states. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state was free to enact and enforce its own laws regarding trade, leaving the federal government powerless to deal with trade disputes between different states or to regulate interstate commerce. Realizing that a more comprehensive approach to the powers of the central government was needed, the Virginia legislature, at the suggestion of future fourth President of the United States James Madison, called for a meeting of delegates from all of the existing thirteen states in September 1786, in Annapolis, Maryland. The Annapolis Convention Setting Officially called as a Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government, the Annapolis Convention was held September 1114, 1786 at Manns Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland. A total of only 12 delegates from just five states- New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia – actually attended the convention. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina had appointed commissioners who failed to arrive in Annapolis in time to attend, while Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia chose not to participate at all. Delegates who attended the Annapolis Convention included: From New York: Egbert Benson and Alexander HamiltonFrom New Jersey: Abraham Clark, William Houston, and James SchuremanFrom Pennsylvania: Tench CoxeFrom Delaware: George Read, John Dickinson, and Richard BassettFrom Virginia: Edmund Randolph, James Madison, and St. George Tucker The Results of the Annapolis Convention On September 14, 1786, the 12 delegates attending the Annapolis Convention unanimously approved a resolution recommending that Congress convene a broader constitutional convention to be held the following May in Philadelphia for the purpose of amending the weak Articles of Confederation to rectify a number of serious defects. The resolution expressed the delegates’ hope that the constitutional convention would be attended by representatives of more states and that the delegates would be authorized to examine areas of concern broader than simply laws regulating of commercial trade between the states. The resolution, which was submitted to Congress and the state legislatures, expressed the delegates’ deep concern regarding â€Å"important defects in the system of the Federal Government,† which they warned, â€Å"may be found greater and more numerous than even these acts imply.† With only five of the thirteen states represented, the authority of the Annapolis Convention was limited. As a result, other than recommending the calling of a full constitutional convention, the delegates attending the delegates took no action on the issues that had brought them together. â€Å"That the express terms of the powers of your Commissioners supposing a deputation from all the States, and having for object the Trade and Commerce of the United States, Your Commissioners did not conceive it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission, under the Circumstances of so partial and defective a representation,† stated the convention’s resolution. The events of the Annapolis Convention also prompted eventual first President of the United States George Washington to add his plea for a stronger federal government. In a letter to fellow Founding Father James Madison dated November 5, 1786, Washington memorably wrote, â€Å"The consequences of a lax, or inefficient government, are too obvious to be dwelt on. Thirteen Sovereignties pulling against each other and all tugging the federal head, will soon bring ruin on the whole.† While the Annapolis Convention failed to accomplish its purpose, the delegates’ recommendations were adopted by the U.S. Congress. Eight months later, on May 25, 1787, the Philadelphia Convention convened and succeeded in creating the present U.S. Constitution.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Could you be an Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Could you be an Entrepreneur - Essay Example These people are still alive in history, in their inventions and in the hearts and minds of the people, and they continue to inspire many people. However, the dark side of entrepreneurship is that not all people make it to level where they earn a place in the history. In fact, statistics reveal that more than half of the small businesses fail in their first year of business. Furthermore, the bankruptcy fillings have been increasing over the past few years (Keister, pp. 19-23, 2005). This paper is an attempt to explore the reasons of the same. The paper would present the reasons why majority of the entrepreneurs fail to manage their growth phase and what allows entrepreneurs to do the same with effectiveness. Discussion Following are some of the reasons why entrepreneurs fail to manage their growth. Growth Strategy One of the biggest issues entrepreneurs face once they have overcome the inertia of business is the absence of a clear strategy. Most small businesses are opened based on i ntuitions, advices of colleagues, peers, family and friends, raw data, assumptions and others. Furthermore, since most entrepreneurs want to make it simple, they do not plan things extensively, and just allow things to â€Å"let happen.† Entrepreneurs prefer their business to be a rollercoaster ride rather than planning and strategizing like other businesses do (Kuratko, pp. 287, 2008). However, once they get going and enter into their growth phase, they fail to understand that the reactive approach, unplanned approach, uncalculated, intuition based strategy is less likely to work. When a firm grows, it is exposed to the market competition and other competitive forces like that of buyer power, supplier power, threat of new entrants, and threat of substitute products. When a firm grows, it catches the attention of many competitors and rivals, which had previously avoided the entrepreneur as posing no threat (Audretsch, pp. 23-43, 2002). Therefore, the point is that while growi ng, an entrepreneur has to choose a clear and well-defined growth strategy (Bygrave & Zacharakis, pp. 78-79, 2010). Now successful entrepreneurs are able to understand that there are only three types of four distinct types of growth strategies available for the firm. These are ‘penetration strategy, product development strategy, market development strategy, diversification strategy’ (Crane & Meyer, pp. 112-115, 2010). Penetration strategy calls for operating in the existing market with the existing product. The idea here is to increase the usage of customers by encouraging them to buy more of the same product. The same can be done with the help of marketing, promotional offers, little modifications in the product and others. Important here to note is that the entrepreneur would not look to target any other customers, segment or try to take away share from other competitors (Crane & Meyer, pp. 112-115, 2010). By pursuing a market development strategy, the entrepreneur tr ies to reach out new geographic, demographic, psychographic, and other markets and segments for its existing product. Moreover, it is also possible to pursue a market development strategy by communicating a new use of the product thus increasing the customer base. Successful entrepreneurs may also go for product developme

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Strategy management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Strategy management - Essay Example In order to stay relevant in such aggressive market, these companies have been forced to initiate new strategies characteristically from time to time. However, amid the innovativeness and creativity to generate such new strategies such as distinct mobile phone features, capability, speed, memory capacity and so forth, there has been a clash between the principal firms. Ultimately, the aim of each company is not only to stay relevant but to remain dominant in the market as well. In a number of studies by prominent researchers such as Michael porter, Bowman’s, Johnson’s, McKenzie’s etc on the marketing strategies, they have made some influential marketing models to analyse the reign in competitive market spheres. For instance, in Porter’s generic strategies, he proposed three stratagems of cost leadership, focus and differentiation (Porter, 2007). Through the three strategies, Porter intends to show that the profit of the firm is basically the difference between its returns and cost. Thus, high profitability is achievable through attaining lower costs or higher prices with reference to the competition, meaning that a company can earn a price premium through differentiation (de Kluyver, 2010). In line with Porters’ and other models by other researchers, I seek to critically evaluate some of the analytical processes against three major mobile manufacturing companies. The purpose of this study paper is to not only evaluate the models, but also explore the merits and demerits associated with each of the analytical processes with regard to the telecommunication industry. The methodology of this paper will be an evaluation of the analytical process, followed by application of the firms and conclusion of each with the scepticism of demerits experienced of the processes. In addition, will be an assessment of the number of ways to mitigate the deficiencies of the models if any. A case study of this assessment paper is on three major mobile manufacturing

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Gender leadership style in the workforce. Who is more respected Annotated Bibliography

Gender leadership style in the workforce. Who is more respected - Annotated Bibliography Example The study made use of eighty weekly interviews of top business executives conducted by Adam Bryan between 2010 and 2011 and consisted of 40 men and 40 women for the Corner Office series of the New York Times Sunday, business section. The study results include the use of personal power, emphasis on relationships by women (85%), encouragement and participation by both genders but not sharing influence and power, and the use of transformational leadership. The information is relevant to the research since it deals with gender and leadership at the workplace. The article will form part of the literature review through providing a basis for comparing gender roles in leadership. The article is focused on the leadership of business executives and is consistent with gender requirements using a representative sample and provides for depth and clear content analysis. Champions of gender equality: Female and Male executives as leaders of the gender change is an article authored by De Vries Anne with the aim of examining how male and female executives champion for gender change interventions. The article begins by examining the developments that have been witnessed on the gender front and the fight for equality among the different sexes. The role of business and organizations through its leaders is the other facet examined in the paper. The study achieves its aim using a feminist qualitative research methodology making gender central to the discussion and is conducted in a policing organization and Australian University. The study makes use of four interviews of senior personnel in the two organizations for data collection. The results of the study include the better positioning of men to champion for gender change, increased the burden on women fighting for gender change, but in gender change men are more effective compared to women. The information is relevant to the research in that it captures the role of leadership

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Importance of Vaccinations

Importance of Vaccinations Kasandra Padilla Each year the Department of Health and Human Services releases a list, essentially a schedule, of optional vaccines for children 0-18 months. Although these shots are not required, they are highly recommended. However, in recent years there has been speculation that the rise in childhood immunizations has caused excessive and unnecessary medical issues among children in the United States. This hearsay, spurred on by a handful of studies, claims causal relationships between developmental disabilities and certain elements found in vaccines. These studies, along with certain religious teachings and personal beliefs, have caused a number of parents across the United States to opt out of vaccinating their children. This decision has, unfortunately, caused the recent outbreaks of several, previously manageable, viruses in a number of America’s cities. In his article â€Å"Anti-Vaccination Movement Causes a Deadly Year in the U.S.† (2013), Brian Krans stated, â€Å"The anti-v accination movement continues to leave the door open to outbreaks of diseases that have been all but eradicated by modern medicine. These diseases include measles, polio, whooping cough, and more.† According The Center for Disease Control [CDC] measles is considered to be the deadliest childhood disease (2013), and all previously mentioned diseases (measles, polio, and whooping cough) are spread easily and simply by coming in contact with an infected individual. Although, in some cases, there may be side effects to certain vaccinations, the positive aspect of being immunized against a number of fatal diseases far outweighs the possible effects or reactions that may occur. Firstly, as briefly mentioned, vaccines save children from preventable diseases. Children are going to be children. So, parents protect them from sharp pointy objects, install gates to protect them from unsafe areas of the house, only feed them certain food for the first few months of their life, and do not feed them other foods until a certain age. Vaccines are another way to prevent one’s child from danger. According to Dr. Vincent Iannelli, a pediatrician in Dallas, Texas, today’s parents did not grow up in an era riddled with disease like Polio and therefore often forget the importance of vaccines (Vaccine Preventable Diseases, 2014). The World Health Organization [WHO] fact sheet classifies polio as, â€Å"a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system, and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours,† and includes symptoms such as, â€Å"fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs† (2014). Global Health Strategies [GHS], an international consulting firm that focuses on research in health care, mirrors Dr. Ianelli’s view and the issue of Polio, â€Å"Few remember a time in the US in the 1940’s and 50’s when fear of this crippling disease pervaded all pockets of society. Images of shuttered swimming pools and children in iron lungs and on crutches colored every mother’s daily worries† (2012). Therefore, due to the effectiveness of the very vaccines that they often contest, some individuals may not realize the severity and complexity of a disease. Individuals that choose not to vaccinate their children, known as anti-vaxxers, sometimes claim religious beliefs as the main reason for choosing not to immunize their children. One main issue that people cite is that certain vaccines contain fibroblast cells of fetal tissue. These fibroblast cells aid in holding connective tissue together (Hot Topics: Fetal Tissues, 2013). According to Paul Offit, a doctor at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, the tissue resulted from two terminated pregnancies that occurred in 1960, and â€Å"No further sources of fetal cells are needed to make these vaccines† (2013). In other words these cells are not taken from fetuses today, like some anti-vaxxers claim. In the same article Dr. Offit continues on to state that these cells are used for two reasons: â€Å"Viruses need cells to grow and tend to grow better in cells from humans than animals (because they infect humans),† and because of the Hayflick limit, where cells die a fter being divided a certain number of times, fetal cells are used because they are able to â€Å"go through many more divisions before dying† (2013). Dr. Offit also notes, in â€Å"Parents Fake Religion to Avoid Vaccines,† that religious beliefs have come to be the default; because of state laws protecting religious practices, people claim religious exemption when it is that they just do not believe there is a need for immunizations (2007). The second reason that immunizations are beneficial is that they prevent outbreaks from occurring. In her article, â€Å"Measles Is Spreading In Our Largest Cities Because People Aren’t Vaccinating Their Kids† (2014), Tara Culp-Ressler, the health editor for ThinkProgress, a non-partisan web-based news source, discussed how recent outbreaks have occurred in â€Å"Boston, San Francisco, San Diego, and Dallas areas. Measles have also recently been reported in suburban areas in Connecticut and Illinois.† Anti-vaxxers claim that other countries do not have as many vaccines and they do not experience outbreaks. J.B. Handley (2011) stated â€Å"Iceland, Sweden, Singapore, Japan, and Norway give 11, 11, 13, 11, and 13 vaccines respectively—all less than 1/3 the number of vaccines the U.S. mandates.† Each vaccine on the CDC’s schedule is highly recommended, they are not â€Å"mandated.† If they were mandated no parent would have a choice in va ccinating their child and there would be no exemptions. Also, Handley mentioned that each of these countries only have 11-13 vaccines. The US only has 14 vaccines; these fourteen are given in a series from 0-18 months, not 36 separate vaccinations as Handley leads one to believe. It is necessary to highlight, because of the sheer difference in land mass and therefore population size, the population of each of the countries Handley mentioned. The most current statistics show Iceland: 326,340 (Statistics Iceland, 2014), Sweden: 9.7 million (Statistics Sweden, 2014), Singapore: 5.4 million (Department of Statistics Singapore, 2014), Japan: 127 million (The World Bank, 2014), Norway: 5 million (The World Bank, 2014), and the United States: 317.3 million (United States Census Bureau, 2013). These statistics emphasize Handley’s error in comparing countries with a much smaller population to that of the United States, and further underscores the previous inaccuracies contained in his argument regarding vaccination requirements. In countries where they do not promote vaccinations, such as Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan (GHS, 2012), there are outbreaks of several diseases. For example, according to WHO, each of these countries remains endemic (2014). That is to say that communicable disease, such as polio and measles, are found regularly in these parts of the world. The probability of dying before one’s fifth birthday in Pakistan is almost 9% (86 in every 1,000 births) (WHO, 2014). Tara Culp-Ressler stated outbreaks in the United States tend to occur because families travel abroad, become infected, and then bring the virus back the US, infecting others who have not been vaccinated (2014). Lastly, vaccines are safe. Due to a handful of studies conducted by the previously mentioned J. B. Handley and Andrew Wakefield, the public now associate vaccines, particularly the MMR vaccine, with causing autism. Each of these individuals has been criticized for their lack of scientific objectivity in their experiments, with Wakefield in particular being barred from practicing medicine in Britain because of his falsified study (BBC, 2010). Unfortunately, their claims still remain on the public’s mind. It also does not help to quell the public’s concern when a celebrity, Jenny McCarthy, takes these falsified studies and uses them as a platform in an attempt to further frighten parents with the claim that her child suffers from autism because of the vaccinations he received. A study conducted by Sharpe, Gist, and Baskin (â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Unaffected Siblings Exhibit Hypersensitivity to Thimerosal,† 2013) point their fingers at Thimerosal, which, according to the Immunization Action Coalition (2011), is a â€Å"preservative that has been used in some vaccines since the 1930s.† The CDC, as well as the Immunization Action Coalition, point out that Thimerosal is present in only one influenza vaccine, and has been reduced to trace amounts. It should also be noted that, should one choose, there are other available alternatives to that particular influenza vaccine which contain no Thimerosal (2011). So, this preservative that anti-vaxxers claim causes autism is, in fact, is not contained in the MMR vaccine. Parents, undoubtedly, want to provide the safest environment for their children in order to keep them out of danger. Vaccinating one’s child is no different. Unfortunately, there is an abundance of information available that can cause a person to feel overwhelmed. When a well-known celebrity is claiming her child suffers from autism because of a vaccine, a great deal of the public is going to believe that individual because she is famous and has resources the parent may not have. These claims perpetuate the myths of preservatives being harmful to a child, or that vaccines are unnecessary because such diseases they protect against have been eradicated when they haven not. Each parent has the option to speak with a doctor regarding vaccinations. In fact, the CDC (2014) recommends speaking to a doctor in order to receive all relevant and up-to-date information so that each person can make an informed decision regarding having their child immunized. References Countries: Pakistan. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countries/pak/en/ Culp-Ressler, T. (2014, March 14). Measles is spreading in our largest cities because people aren’t vaccinating their kids. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/health/2014/03/14/3408461/measles-outbreaks-cities-vaccination/ Handley, J. B. (2011) Compelling evidence shows that vaccines trigger autism. Epidemics. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Iannelli, V. (2014, March 30). Vaccine preventable diseases. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.about.com/od/immunizations/a/0408_im_illness.htm Infants, Children, and Teens. (2014) Retrieved from http://www.vaccines.gov/who_and_when/infants_to_teens/index.html Key Figures. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.scb.se/en_/ Krans, B. (2013). Anti-vaccination movement causes a deadly year in the U.S.. Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com/health-news/children-anti-vaccination-movement-leads-to-disease-outbreaks-120312 Latest Key Indicators. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/ Measles Vaccination. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/measles/default.htm Offit, P. A. (2013). Hot topics: fetal tissues. Retrieved from http://www.chop.edu/service/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-safety/vaccine-ingredients/fetal-tissues.html Parents Fake Religion to Avoid Vaccines. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/parents-fake-religion-to-avoid-vaccines/ Polio Eradication. (2012). Retrieved from http://ghstrat.com/issues/polio Poliomyelitis. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/ Population (Total). (2014). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL Population in the 1st quarter 2014. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.statice.is/Pages/444?NewsID=10348 Sharpe, M. A., Gist, T. L., Baskin, D. S. (2013). B-lymphocytes from a population of children with autism spectrum disorder and their unaffected siblings exhibit hypersensitivity to thimerosal. Journal of Toxicology, 2013, 1-11. Thimerosal in Vaccines. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/safetyavailability/vaccinesafety/ucm096228 Triggle, N. (2010). Lancet accepts MMR study false. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8493753.stm Vaccine Concerns: Thimerosal. (2011, February 25). Retrieved from http://www.immunize.org/thimerosal/

Friday, October 25, 2019

Racism in Literature Essay -- Literary Analysis

Literature Analysis Most literature authors write stories on different genres like poems, stories, and plays. These works are written using a variety of elements of literature for instance setting, themes, conflict, and characters. The following essay discusses the element of racism as a theme in Margaret Laurence’s short story â€Å"The Loons,† Langston Hughes’ poem, I Too, Sing America, and W.E.B Du Bois’ book, â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk.† â€Å"The Loons† is a short story that was done by Margaret Laurence together with other stories in the sequence â€Å"A bird in the House† and was published in 1970. The story centers on the narrator and the main character Vanessa McLeod, a white girl and her youth days in a fictional town known as Manawaka, Manitoba in Canada (Laurence, 2001). From Vanessa’s eyes, the audience is able to see the alienation and racism that Piquette Tonerre, a girl of Mà ©tis origin faces in society. The story has been set just before Vanessa’s father passes on and it helps her to open her eyes and see the suffering, cultural alienation, and racial discrimination of the Mà ©tis people a subgroup of the Canadian Aborigines. In the first part, Vanessa finds the Mà ©tis to be people who do not fit in the society due to their unknown descent. Her grandmother describes the Mà ©tis to be people of â€Å"†¦neither flesh, fowl nor good salt herring† (Laurence, 2001). This statement describes the people who are French half-breeds and their language is neither French nor Cree. These people do not belong to the Creoles who live on the mountains and neither to the French. They are a people who society alienates and discriminates because they do not belong. Grandmother McLeod does not want anything to do with Piquette. At one point, the McLe... ...r ideals. Fredrick insisted on â€Å"total assimilation through self assertion and nothing more.† Du Bois argued that the Negro could not progress if he is not educated, given freedom to vote, economically empowered and legal superiority (Du Bois, 1996). This book highlights the problem of racism in America in the 20th and 21st century. Du Bois set the pace for other black writers and civil rights activists like Dr Martin Luther King. This may not have been exactly out of the book, but it was the best that I could come up with and still make everything work the way I wanted it too. References Du Bois, W.E.B. (1996). The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Penguin Books. Langston H. (1932). The Dream Keeper and Other Poems. New York: Knopf Publishers. Laurence, M (2001). â€Å"The Loons.† Literature: An Introduction to Writing. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Customer Satisfaction

Part 1: Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty Definition of Consumer Satisfaction: The satisfaction of customer is considered as the popular topic at the practice on marketing and the research as academic in view of the fact that the primary study of Cardozo's (1965) on the effort of customers, their expectations and along with the satisfaction of them. In spite of taking many attempts for measuring and explaining the satisfaction of customer, there is not so much consensus conducting in relation to the definition of the satisfaction of customer (Giese and Cote, 2000).The typical definition of customer satisfaction can be provided as the evaluative judgment of post consumption in relation to the certain product or service (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996). It is considered as the outcome of the process of evaluative through which expectations of pre purchase are contrasted with performance perception in the time of or after the experience of the consumption (Oliver, 1980). The concept of the satisfaction of the customer is considered as the concept as most widely recognized which is based on the theory of expectancy disconfirmation (McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000).Oliver developed the theory which proposes that the level of satisfaction is considered as the outcome of difference among the performance as expected and perceived. The occurrence of the satisfaction can be done when an organization provides better product or services than the expectation of the customers (Positive disconfirmation). In other side, dissatisfaction can be occurred while the worse performance is provided by the organization (Negative disconfirmation).It has been showed by studies that the results of business can be impacted directly and indirectly through the satisfaction of customer. It has been concluded by Luo and Homburg (2007) that the profitability of the business can be affected by the satisfaction of customer positively. The relationship among the patterns of the behavior of the c ustomer has been investigated by the most of the studies (Dimitriades, 2006; Olorunniwo et al. , 2006; Chi and Qu, 2008; Faullant et al. , 2008).In accordance with these findings, the loyalty of the customer can be enhanced by the satisfaction of the customer; along with this intentions of repurchasing are also influenced by the satisfaction of customer which can be concluded with positive effects a positive word of mouth leads to the positive publicity. By giving the major consideration towards the satisfaction of customer, not surprisingly there are so many researches have been done which are devoted towards the satisfaction determinants investigation.The factors as subjective and objective are assisting to determine the satisfaction for example: subjective factors are the needs of customer, emotions etc and the objective factors are the features of products and services. In application on the airlines industries, there has been occurred so many research studies through which attr ibutes are examined which are found out by the passenger as significant in relation to the satisfaction of customer. It has been found out by Atkinson (1988) that customer satisfaction can be determined by proper scheduling, security, value for money and the staff courtesy.It has been revealed by Knutson (1988) that scheduling, comfort, convenience of goods, prompt service, safety and security, staff friendliness are required. It has been stated by Barsky and Labagh (1992) that passengers’ satisfaction can be influenced by the attitude of the employee, scheduling, goods security, landing on scheduled time etc. Akan (1995) conducted the study where it has been showed that airlines passengers’ satisfaction has the determinant of the staffs’ behavior, scheduling, timeliness, pricing of ticket, productivity and performance, robust schedule planning, etc.The conclusion has been drawn by Choi and Chu (2001) that the top factors of airline industries which can determin e the satisfaction of the airline passenger are: the quality of the staff, schedule planning, values, productivity, price of ticket etc. Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Hilton Hotel: In the past, tourism has been often considered as the natural outcome of environmental and cultural resources of a specific territory. In this view, the role of hospitality enterprises cannot influence demand levels and is merely limited to the supply of services to tourists.Le Blanc ; Nguyen (1996) suggest that marketing efforts should be directed to highlight the environmental characteristics of the location in order to attract new customers. The constant increase of demand of touristic services, and the request for higher standards by the guests, has enforced the competition among hospitality suppliers and highlighted how the attractivity of the touristic destination is influenced by the standards of the services provided by the local hotels.In this scenario, providing high quality serv ices and improving customer satisfaction are widely recognized as fundamental factors boosting the performances of companies in the hotel and tourism industry (Barsky ; Labagh, 1992; Le Blanc, 1992,; Le Blanc et al. , 1996; Stevens et al. , 1995, Opermann, 1998). Hotels with good service quality will ultimately improve their profitability (Oh ; Parks, 1997). In a competitive hospitality industry which offers homogeneous services, individual hoteliers must be able to satisfy costumers better then their counterparts (Choi ; Chou, 2001).To obtain loyalty and to outweigh other competitors, hotel providers must be able to obtain high levels of customer satisfaction for the service supplied. There are several studies that analyze the needs and the desires of tourists. A research by Wuest et al. (1996) defined the perception of hotel attributes as the degree to which guests may find various services and facilities critical for their stay in a hotel.Hotel's attributes such as cleanliness, p rice, location, security, personal service, physical attractiveness, opportunities for relaxation, standard of services, appealing image, and reputation are recognized as decisive by travelers to assess the quality of the hotel (Atkinsons, 1988; Ananth et al. , 1992; Barsky & Labagh, 1992; Cadotte & Turgeon, 1988; Knutson, 1988; McCleary et al. , 1993; Rivers et al. , 1991; Wilensky & Buttle, 1988). Part 2: Corporate culture: Culture  is defined in varying terms by different theorists. A opular  definition  is the one provided by Schein (1985: 9): A pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with the problems of external  adaptation  and integral integration – that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. The terms  organisational culture  and corporate culture are used interchangeably in the literature to refer to the culture pervading an organisation, be it a for-profit  or a non-profit entity.Corporate culture is invariably influenced by natural or regional cultures, or macro-cultures (Hampden-Turner 1994: 12). The emphasis on  individualism  in US corporations, the emphasis on collective  decision making  in Japanese firms, and the age old burra sahib culture of British companies in colonial days are all reflections of the influence of macro-cultures on corporate culture. Corporate culture is not entirely monolithic or uniform throughout the organisation. Within the overall culture, there are usually subcultures.For example,  marketing  and accounts personnel may have different subcultures due to the differences in the  nature  of their work and  environment. The conflicts which sometimes arise among departments can be attributed to such differences. In a similar but broader vein there is a hotel culture, which in turn take s a different hold when the corporate culture of the Hilton chain is compared to that of  Sheraton. Similarly, airlines still have a different corporate culture; that of TWA and  Singapore  airlines are not the same.At International Hotel Group AG’s, fulfilling the individual needs of a clearly defined target group has been a proven recipe for success in the group’s corporate philosophy for long years. Our hotels precisely distinguish themselves not only from each other but from those of the competition as well through their individual character and extraordinary architecture. Enthusiastic, qualified staff and confident interaction based on partnership are just as important to the International Hotel Group as the fulfilment of our guests’ needs and the solution of individual, out of the ordinary problems.Each staff member in the business is responsible for actively realizing of these objectives – seen as obligation – within his/her sphere of influence. . We both require from and promote creativity in our staff in order to provide our guests with concepts that embody Lindner quality beyond expectations. In this respect, everyone is allowed to make mistakes, too, because we consider mistakes a chance to learn and improve the quality of Lindner. Through believing in the capabilities of our staff and by guaranteeing their creative and personal development, we achieve a strong commitment and creative work.Together, we create values and reach new goals. Transparency, comprehensive information and a regular exchange between the staff members in our hotels support their further qualification. We manage our business in an honest, reliable, and fair way and our relationship with business partners is characterized by partnership, respect, and cooperation. It is with this foundation of integrity in partnerships that we achieve the permanent development of our International Hotel Group. Customer Satisfaction 1. Do right things and do it right first time. This Total Quality Management Principle means that in work , one must be effective enough to do what is right. A person must produce quality work, not just an ordinary work that would affect an ordinary experience, but something that will cause you to be productive enough. Do the right things and do it the first time reflects that a person is obliged to do what is right or just and once you do it, do it like you’ve never done it before. Do it like it is your first time to do such, why? Because once you do something like it was your first, you’ll give your one hundred and one percent of effort to it because you wanted an assurance of success. Example, your manager gave you a project, he had entrusted you this project so you have to give your best efforts to it. What you have to do is give your best while you’re doing it. This only proves that you deserve to have this project and soon your boss will entrust more projects to you and maybe give you a higher position for doing a great job. 2. Management by walking around. Another Total Quality Management principle is management by walking around. For me this means continuous improvement on what you’re doing plus respect and teamwork all throughout. Management is not just about being the leader and leading your subordinates but being a good subordinate as well. It’s best for a leader if he/she is also a good follower. As they say, a good leader is a good follower. When you learn to be a good leader you also learn how to pay respect to others. Giving respect is very much important in the industry. You can’t stay long in your work if you won’t give and take respect. It’s like a mutual relationship that you have to develop in order to love your work. One must also have a strategic approach to improvement. One must not be settled and contented in being developed, because one must continue having productivity with his/her work. This will bring good effects in his/her work, because work is not just about going there everyday and doing the same old things because productivity and development will not surely go their way. Customer Satisfaction Whether the buyer is satisfied after purchase depend on the offers performance inrelation to the buyer expectation. In general satisfaction is a person's feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance relation to his/her expectations. If the performance falls short of expectation, the customer is dissatisfied. If the performance matches the expectationcustomer is satisfied. If the performance exceeds the expectation the customer ishighly satisfied. Customer satisfaction cannot be very difficult. After all you either satisfied with theservices you receive or you are not. If you don’t you are not. If it is that easy, thenobtaining people's opinion about how satisfied they are with relatively straightforward matter- or is it?. Customer satisfaction is a marketing tool and a definite valueaddad benefit. It is often perceived by customers as important as the primary productor service your organisation offers. It looks at what is involved from 3 different angles, the first is from the view of anorganisation wishing to understand, and measures, how satisfied its customer are withthe products and services they receive from it. The second is from the perspective of aresearch agency that has been asked to obtain feedback from customers and abouttheir experiences when dealing with companies. Finally it considers the issue from the perspective of consumers who participate in surveys, including both businesscustomers and members of general public. Customer satisfaction is a business term, is a measure of how products and servicessupplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and part of the four prospective of balancedscore card. IN a competitive market place were businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key elementof business strategy customer satisfaction drives successful private sector business. High performing businesses have developed principles and strategies for achievingcustomer satisfaction. This paper presents a framework or set of ideas for usingcustomer satisfaction principles and strategies to improve the quality responsiveness,and possibility of public sector privately provided services in vulnerable communities. The framework suggested that resident who live in tough neighbourhoods can besupported through customer satisfaction strategies to become empowered individuals Customer Satisfaction Part 1: Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty Definition of Consumer Satisfaction: The satisfaction of customer is considered as the popular topic at the practice on marketing and the research as academic in view of the fact that the primary study of Cardozo's (1965) on the effort of customers, their expectations and along with the satisfaction of them. In spite of taking many attempts for measuring and explaining the satisfaction of customer, there is not so much consensus conducting in relation to the definition of the satisfaction of customer (Giese and Cote, 2000).The typical definition of customer satisfaction can be provided as the evaluative judgment of post consumption in relation to the certain product or service (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996). It is considered as the outcome of the process of evaluative through which expectations of pre purchase are contrasted with performance perception in the time of or after the experience of the consumption (Oliver, 1980). The concept of the satisfaction of the customer is considered as the concept as most widely recognized which is based on the theory of expectancy disconfirmation (McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000).Oliver developed the theory which proposes that the level of satisfaction is considered as the outcome of difference among the performance as expected and perceived. The occurrence of the satisfaction can be done when an organization provides better product or services than the expectation of the customers (Positive disconfirmation). In other side, dissatisfaction can be occurred while the worse performance is provided by the organization (Negative disconfirmation).It has been showed by studies that the results of business can be impacted directly and indirectly through the satisfaction of customer. It has been concluded by Luo and Homburg (2007) that the profitability of the business can be affected by the satisfaction of customer positively. The relationship among the patterns of the behavior of the c ustomer has been investigated by the most of the studies (Dimitriades, 2006; Olorunniwo et al. , 2006; Chi and Qu, 2008; Faullant et al. , 2008).In accordance with these findings, the loyalty of the customer can be enhanced by the satisfaction of the customer; along with this intentions of repurchasing are also influenced by the satisfaction of customer which can be concluded with positive effects a positive word of mouth leads to the positive publicity. By giving the major consideration towards the satisfaction of customer, not surprisingly there are so many researches have been done which are devoted towards the satisfaction determinants investigation.The factors as subjective and objective are assisting to determine the satisfaction for example: subjective factors are the needs of customer, emotions etc and the objective factors are the features of products and services. In application on the airlines industries, there has been occurred so many research studies through which attr ibutes are examined which are found out by the passenger as significant in relation to the satisfaction of customer. It has been found out by Atkinson (1988) that customer satisfaction can be determined by proper scheduling, security, value for money and the staff courtesy.It has been revealed by Knutson (1988) that scheduling, comfort, convenience of goods, prompt service, safety and security, staff friendliness are required. It has been stated by Barsky and Labagh (1992) that passengers’ satisfaction can be influenced by the attitude of the employee, scheduling, goods security, landing on scheduled time etc. Akan (1995) conducted the study where it has been showed that airlines passengers’ satisfaction has the determinant of the staffs’ behavior, scheduling, timeliness, pricing of ticket, productivity and performance, robust schedule planning, etc.The conclusion has been drawn by Choi and Chu (2001) that the top factors of airline industries which can determin e the satisfaction of the airline passenger are: the quality of the staff, schedule planning, values, productivity, price of ticket etc. Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Hilton Hotel: In the past, tourism has been often considered as the natural outcome of environmental and cultural resources of a specific territory. In this view, the role of hospitality enterprises cannot influence demand levels and is merely limited to the supply of services to tourists.Le Blanc ; Nguyen (1996) suggest that marketing efforts should be directed to highlight the environmental characteristics of the location in order to attract new customers. The constant increase of demand of touristic services, and the request for higher standards by the guests, has enforced the competition among hospitality suppliers and highlighted how the attractivity of the touristic destination is influenced by the standards of the services provided by the local hotels.In this scenario, providing high quality serv ices and improving customer satisfaction are widely recognized as fundamental factors boosting the performances of companies in the hotel and tourism industry (Barsky ; Labagh, 1992; Le Blanc, 1992,; Le Blanc et al. , 1996; Stevens et al. , 1995, Opermann, 1998). Hotels with good service quality will ultimately improve their profitability (Oh ; Parks, 1997). In a competitive hospitality industry which offers homogeneous services, individual hoteliers must be able to satisfy costumers better then their counterparts (Choi ; Chou, 2001).To obtain loyalty and to outweigh other competitors, hotel providers must be able to obtain high levels of customer satisfaction for the service supplied. There are several studies that analyze the needs and the desires of tourists. A research by Wuest et al. (1996) defined the perception of hotel attributes as the degree to which guests may find various services and facilities critical for their stay in a hotel.Hotel's attributes such as cleanliness, p rice, location, security, personal service, physical attractiveness, opportunities for relaxation, standard of services, appealing image, and reputation are recognized as decisive by travelers to assess the quality of the hotel (Atkinsons, 1988; Ananth et al. , 1992; Barsky & Labagh, 1992; Cadotte & Turgeon, 1988; Knutson, 1988; McCleary et al. , 1993; Rivers et al. , 1991; Wilensky & Buttle, 1988). Part 2: Corporate culture: Culture  is defined in varying terms by different theorists. A opular  definition  is the one provided by Schein (1985: 9): A pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with the problems of external  adaptation  and integral integration – that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. The terms  organisational culture  and corporate culture are used interchangeably in the literature to refer to the culture pervading an organisation, be it a for-profit  or a non-profit entity.Corporate culture is invariably influenced by natural or regional cultures, or macro-cultures (Hampden-Turner 1994: 12). The emphasis on  individualism  in US corporations, the emphasis on collective  decision making  in Japanese firms, and the age old burra sahib culture of British companies in colonial days are all reflections of the influence of macro-cultures on corporate culture. Corporate culture is not entirely monolithic or uniform throughout the organisation. Within the overall culture, there are usually subcultures.For example,  marketing  and accounts personnel may have different subcultures due to the differences in the  nature  of their work and  environment. The conflicts which sometimes arise among departments can be attributed to such differences. In a similar but broader vein there is a hotel culture, which in turn take s a different hold when the corporate culture of the Hilton chain is compared to that of  Sheraton. Similarly, airlines still have a different corporate culture; that of TWA and  Singapore  airlines are not the same.At International Hotel Group AG’s, fulfilling the individual needs of a clearly defined target group has been a proven recipe for success in the group’s corporate philosophy for long years. Our hotels precisely distinguish themselves not only from each other but from those of the competition as well through their individual character and extraordinary architecture. Enthusiastic, qualified staff and confident interaction based on partnership are just as important to the International Hotel Group as the fulfilment of our guests’ needs and the solution of individual, out of the ordinary problems.Each staff member in the business is responsible for actively realizing of these objectives – seen as obligation – within his/her sphere of influence. . We both require from and promote creativity in our staff in order to provide our guests with concepts that embody Lindner quality beyond expectations. In this respect, everyone is allowed to make mistakes, too, because we consider mistakes a chance to learn and improve the quality of Lindner. Through believing in the capabilities of our staff and by guaranteeing their creative and personal development, we achieve a strong commitment and creative work.Together, we create values and reach new goals. Transparency, comprehensive information and a regular exchange between the staff members in our hotels support their further qualification. We manage our business in an honest, reliable, and fair way and our relationship with business partners is characterized by partnership, respect, and cooperation. It is with this foundation of integrity in partnerships that we achieve the permanent development of our International Hotel Group.